Using Fair Value Accounting, Questions and Answers

Question 1 What is the distinction between valuation and measurement? List down the advantages and disadvantages of using Fair Value Accounting. Accounting valuation is a process by which the value of a company is measured in terms of their assets and liabilities for financial reporting purpose. Andriessen (2003) had been explained the valuation by using the Rescher’s Value Theory in his article. Rescher (1969) used the term of â€Å"evaluation† to describe valuation as ‘a comparative assessment or measurement of something with respect to its embodiment of a certain value.’ Valuation can be achieved through several methods, with the ultimate goal to present the most precise picture of the company’s financial performance. Banks and lenders assessing the viability of a business and loan will provided based on how they are performing in the market. This process must include the most recent assessment possible of the company because its value may change significantly in just a short period. Campbell, N.R (1938) defined measurement as ‘the assignment of numerals to represent properties of material systems other than numbers, in virtue of the laws governing these properties.’ In accounting, measurement is the computation of economic or financial activities in terms of money or other measurable elements like hours to produce a product. Accounting measurement is used to compare and evaluate accounting data. Furthermore, measurement in accounting falls into the category of derivedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Financial Accounting Theory1727 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿QUESTION 1 a. Outline the objective and the principles of a theory that prescribes fair value accounting. Fair value accounting is to measure selected assets at fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The objective of fair value accounting is linked with the objective of ‘decision usefulness’ of general purpose financial reporting. That is, to provide relevant information thatRead MoreAccounting Theory 41063 Words   |  5 PagesFair value or false accounting 1. How are assets and liabilities measured under IAS 39? Answer: According to IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, financial instrument are to be stated at their ‘fair value’- defined as ‘the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction’. ‘If the market for a financial instrument is not active, an entity establishes a fair valueRead MoreContemporary Issues Of Accounting : Take Home Final Exam1179 Words   |  5 PagesSamah Alshaikh ACC680- contemporary Issues in Accounting Take Home Final Exam 1. Managers use cookie jar reserves to smooth earnings by creating excessive reserves in good periods so that they can use them to offset losses in bad periods. In order to determine whether this practice is considered an ethical violation or not, an ethical decision model should be used. Graham Tucker offers five-question approach for ethical decision-making. The model can be used to examine and challenge a proposedRead MoreIntangible Asset1170 Words   |  5 PagesProvide references for your answers and quote where you have written something that is word-for-word from a source Textbook Questions (15 marks): Challenging Question 29 (5 marks) Inglis Ltd has a number of taxi licences that are shown in the financial statements at cost. Can these licences be revalued to fair value and, if so, do they also need to be subject to periodic amortisation? Yes, if these taxi licenses are freely transferable, they can be revalued to fair value. The requirements of AASBRead MoreThe Evaluation Of Super Co1291 Words   |  6 Pagesitems not clearly understood by management, provided below is an outline of the company’s inquiries. The analysis and ripostes provided should elaborate on the necessity of various accounting topics and situations. As well as, ensure SUPER CO. is affording the most preeminent financial statements in accordance with accounting guidelines and principles. †¢ Adjusting lower cost of market inventory on valuation: Companies that record the cost of inventory at lower cost of market must record inventory costRead MoreAccounting And Financial Methods And Tools1745 Words   |  7 PagesFirm valuation relates to accounting in that it uses a combination of both accounting and financial methods and tools. Some of the accounting tools used includes the valuation of firms’ assets, valuation of a firm’s profit and loss and also the valuation of a firm’s obligations, which are liabilities. Just like accounting, firm valuation process follows defined steps so as to arrive at the correct value of the firm that is free from errors. â€Å"There are five steps involved; preparation and planningRead MoreGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles ( Gaap ) And Financial Accounting Standards Board953 Words   |  4 PagesGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) exist to make financial reporting consistent while reducing fraud and materia l errors. Because GAAP guidance is crucial for public and private companies depend heavily upon it to make financial decisions. Through GAAP, the entity understands how to properly carry out the accrual accounting process and most importantly when to recognize revenue. However, what happens when GAAP guidance is not sufficientRead MoreA Case Lease For Finance Lease1499 Words   |  6 Pagesrequirement in AASB117-Leases for finance lease. AASB 117 define finance lease as a lease that transfers substantially all the risk and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset. Some indicators for a lease to be classified as finance lease are: fair value, non-cancellability, contingent rent, transfer of ownership, bargain purchase option, lease term, economic life, and minimum lease payments (AASB 117 par 10-11). In this case, we can see that some of the indicators of being a finance lease has beenRead MoreDepreciation and Correct Answer1282 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Question 1 1 out of 1 points Which of the following disclosures are optional under IAS 12? Selected Answer: b.   a numerical reconciliation between the average effective tax rate and the applicable tax rate, disclosing also the basis of calculating the applicable tax rate Correct Answer: b.   a numerical reconciliation between the average effective tax rate and the applicable tax rate, disclosing also the basis of calculating the applicable tax rate Question 2 0 out of 1 points WhichRead MoreAccounting For Asset Retirement Obligation1077 Words   |  5 Pagesis incurred and when there is reasonable estimate that a fair value will be made for an asset as per the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) N.O 143. There are different kinds of approaches that are followed when recognizing the asset retirement obligation, these include: recognition of the asset retirement obligation at fair value without considering the uncertainty that emanates from the timing of the retirement, fair value can be recognized when there is likelihood that asset will

Analysis of Emily Bronte´s Wuthering Heights - 623 Words

Book Review: Wuthering Heights This book deals a lot with love and revenge as evidently exhibited through the characters Heathcliff and Catherine. The book depicts the journey of societys social class. Catherine learns to love Heathcliff even though he is inferior to her. The reader discovers deep and affectionate motives within the novel. In my view it is a well annotated version of Emily Brontes classic about denied love between central characters Heathcliff and Catherine. Not a predictable love story, regardless of the version shown in films, it is a mix of Gothic drama and community’s explanations. The readers interest in the plot is maintained throughout and the character enlargement of Heathcliff which is superb, the readers sympathies shifting as the novel progresses. The novel spans two generations of families: the end of one, and the beginnings of another. This great novel, though not extremely long, and, contrary to general assumption, not extremely complicated, m anages to be a number of things: a romance that brilliantly challenges the basic assumption of the romantic; a gothic that evolves—with an absolutely inevitable grace—into its temperamental opposite; a parable of innocence and loss, and childhoods necessary defeat; and a work of consummate skill on its primary level, that is, the level of language. (Shinary, 1994) Heathcliff is a difficult character to like, but at the same time a character difficult to dislike. Hes crude, but he has the sortShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 1589 Words   |  7 PagesReading Analysis Wuthering Heights Tramel – 2nd period November 4, 2016 Introduction The self-consuming nature of passion is mutually destructive and tragic. The gothic Victorian novel, Wuthering Heights, was written by Emily Bronte and published in 1847 where Bronte challenges ideas of religious hypocrisy, social classes, gender inequality and mortality. Wuthering Heights was first ill received being too much removed from the ordinary reality in the mid-nineteenth-century; however, Emily Bronte’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 1408 Words   |  6 PagesBrontà « also compares the characters indirectly, as she did the houses. Two very prominent characters she displays in this way include Lockwood and Isabella. They are both fundamental narrators in the work. Lockwood does so directly through his retelling of Nelly’s recounting of the story, and Isabella does so through her letter to Nelly explaining her relationship and life with Heathcliff soon after they were married. Although Isabella only briefly seen as a narrator, she a nd Lockwood have variousRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 3443 Words   |  14 PagesRRS Wuthering Heights Title: Wuthering Heights Publication Date: 1847 Author: Emily Bronte Nationality: English Author’s Birth/Death dates: July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848 Distinguishing traits of the author: Emily Bronte, otherwise known as Ellis Bell, had many siblings growing up in the isolated town of Thornton, Yorkshire. One of which was Charlotte Brontà « author of the masterpiece, Jane Eyre. At the time of their publishment Jan Eyre was known as the superior book but over time Wuthering HeightsRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights Essay2188 Words   |  9 Pagesa part of life to them at the time. One such author is Emily Brontà «, a woman who never married. She and her sisters experienced many familial hardships and began writing at a young age, perhaps as a coping mechanism. With this in mind and assessing trials and events in her life, one cannot help but find uncanny parallels between the characters of her novels and the social turmoil she witnessed. At first glance, Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights may seem to be the tragedy of two young lovers. HoweverRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 2133 Words   |  9 PagesKimberly Boots Ms. Loomis AP Literature and Composition 16 January 2015 The Meaning Behind It All Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights is not only one of the most widely read books in America, but it also encourages different critical approaches. One of the most interesting approaches is the psychoanalytical approach in this circumstance. Through the entirety of this book it is understood that defending oneself in different ways is a way to escape the stresses of reality. â€Å"Our unconscious desiresRead MoreAn Analysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 1784 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough a community and spread as quickly as the plague. Historian and philosopher Howard Zinn proposes that, â€Å"the air of the world is poisonous. And you must carry an antidote with you, or the infection will prove fatal (Zinn 114). In Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte demonstrates the corrosive effects of human interaction through the motif of disease and contagion coupled with mental decay and the deaths of integral characters. During the Victorian Era, disease ran rampant throughout England. HygieneRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesGiovanni Rosas P.4 AP ENGLISH BOOK REPORT 1. Title of Work: Wuthering Heights 2. Author and date Written: Emily Bronte author of Wuthering Heights wrote the book between October 1845 and June 1846 3. Country of Author: Emily Bronte was born in Thornton, Yorkshire, England, on July 30, 1818 4. Characters (Major and Minor): Heatchliff: Dark-Skinned: they describe him as dark-skinned Cruel: Because he uses his son to get vengeance against young Catherine Catherine: Is Hindley sister andRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pages1. Title of Work: Wuthering Heights 2. Author and date Written: Emily Bronte author of Wuthering Heights wrote the book between October 1845 and June 1846 3. Country of Author: Emily Bronte was born in Thornton, Yorkshire, England, on July 30, 1818 4. Characters (Major and Minor): Heatchliff: Dark-Skinned: they describe him as dark-skinned Cruel: Because he uses his son to get vengeance against young Catherine Catherine: Is Hindley sister and Mr. Ms. Earnshaw daughter Mean: because knowing sheRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 975 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Bronte’s two main sources of imagery are nature and the supernatural. Using Wuthering Heights, write a well-developed essay that explores the symbolic associations of storm and calm through the characters. â€Å"Wuthering heights†, a novel that explores different types of imagery: natural and supernatural. Along the storyline, the characters change and the reflections are noticed throughout with symbolic natural occurrences. In times of disarray and unrest, â€Å"Wuthering Heights† becomes symbolicRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesThere is truly nothing better than a love story with a perfect ending. Unfortunately that is not the case in Emily BrontÃ'ԉ۪s Wuthering Heights. The love shared between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff is definitely not hidden. The two are practically the same person, they even say they share the same soul. The only problem is one is a part of a nobility and the other adopted and forced to be a servant. Due to this, Catherine and Heathcliff never get their happily ever after. Or do they? One of

What Is Leadership Defining Leadership Qualities Free Essays

Defining Leadership through the Fortune 500 Leadership is a difficult term to define. In literal definition, it means â€Å"the action of leading a group of people or an organization†. However, that is a very prosaic definition. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Leadership? Defining Leadership Qualities or any similar topic only for you Order Now What qualities make up â€Å"the action of leading a group of people or an organization†? One way to find out is to observe the qualities possessed by leaders themselves. The Fortune 500 is an annual ranking of America’s largest corporations. At the very head of each one of these 500 corporations is a single individual called a Chief Executive Officer, or CEO. The CEO is in charge of all of the main responsibilities of the corporation. So it is no doubt that CEO’s are leaders; the CEO’s of the Fortune 500 lead millions of employees and large scale business decisions everyday. As number two on the Fortune 500 list, Walmart is regarded as one of the very first â€Å"big businesses† to ever go multinational. The statistics on Walmart are astonishing: housing more than two million full-time employees, boasting a whopping $405 billion in revenue last year and owning more than 8,500 stores worldwide. Beginning as a small business investment, it is no doubt that the Walmart corporation took someone with a vision to develop its domination in the business world. Not only did it take a vision, but someone audacious, reliable and empowering enough to execute such a large dream. In 1962, small business owner Sam Walton opened the very first Walmart in Rogers, Arkansas. The strategy of the business was one the world had not seen yet before: a chain discount store. Within just five years, it had expanded to 24 stores, and by 1968, it had went multistate. That was just the beginning of the Walmart rise to reign. But what qualities did Sam have to build such an empire? Many claims Walton was very inquisitive and open to criticism of his business in order to improve it; he was constantly concerned about the customer and looking to improve. Walton was also optimistic; his positivity bred grounds for happy employees—gaining the willpower of each individual. Walton was also clever, learning from his competitors and seeing how he could use the skills he had seen to advance his own business. Today, Walmart is one of the largest corportations in the world thanks to its first CEO, Sam Walton. Walmart also gives back to its community: In 2011, Walmart and the Walmart Foundation gave $958. 9 million in cash and in-kind contributions around the world. Rising above Walmart this year for number one on the list of the Fortune 500 is ExxonMobil. Over the last 125 years, ExxonMobil has went from a kerosene distributor of the US to the largest publicly traded petroleum enterprise of the world. Their leadership strategies date back to its founding, with the Rockefeller’s oil industry. The Rockefellers were one of the biggest and first U. S. businesses back in the age of the industrial revolution. ExxonMobil has underwent several name changes and through many CEO’s to get to its standing in today’s #1 place in the market. So how does Rex Tillerson handle it all? Many report Tillerson as optimistic, clear and confident. He has been working with ExxonMobil for over thirty years, so it is apparent that he is consistent and persistent with his business as he deals with a fluctuating market. Communication also plays a major role in Tillerson’s leadership style. â€Å"What we support is continued efforts to understand the problem better. We need to work harder on articulating our views, and we’re going to try to do better at that in the future,† Rex has said. Rex understands the importance of communicating within his company with his employees as well as potential investors. Not only is Tillerson a great business titan, but like Walmart, he gives back to his community. Through the work of Tillerson’s leadership, ExxonMobil is involved with many groups and organizations including his involvement of many organizations including Alpha Phi Omega, the United Negro College Fund, and the Boy Scouts of America. Allergan is ranked #457 on the Fortune 500 list, but do not be fooled by this number: it is by far the fastest growing corporation on the Fortune 500 list with a 155650. 0% change of profits from 2010 to 2011. David Pyott is the CEO of this pharmaceutical corporation and ranked #11 on Forbe’s list of CEO’s. He joined in late 1998 and reconstructed the business’s strategy on worldwide operations. In June 2006, he was awarded the honor of Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) by Her Majesty the Queen in acknowledgment of Pyott’s contribution to British business excellence and management skills in the United States. Pyott holds leadership in many international boards as well as serves member in many international medical-related councils and organizations. Through this, he gains a keen view of the evolving world around him and applies this to his business. So it is of no doubt why Allergan can be seen as the fastest Fortune 500 under Pyott’s leadership of just 13 years thus far. Allergan also has significant claims about its companying, stating â€Å"Allergan, Inc. is a multi-specialty health care company focused on discovering, developing and commercializing innovative pharmaceuticals, biologics and medical devices that enable people to live life to its greatest potential — to see more clearly, move more freely, express themselves more fully. Tying back directly to this mission statement is their â€Å"insight for life† program that gives developing countries access to medicine and healthcare. So what is a leader based on the qualities expressed by three of America’s top CEO’s? Being a leader is being visionary, being communicative, being insightful, being clever, being open-minded, being persistent, being motivating, being smart, being hard-working and most of all, being caring and compassionate to those around you. How to cite What Is Leadership? Defining Leadership Qualities, Essay examples

Business Supply of a Definite Product

Question: Discuss about the Business Supply of a Definite Product. Answer: Introduction This essay has been highlighted the concept of Economics assignment. In this connection, this study tried to focus to the demand and the supply of a definite product. Therefore, in this purpose, the products of Adidas have been selected. It can be seen that the demand for the products of Adidas Apparel has been increased with the increasing of time. This will help to enhance the production of the products of Adidas within the mentioned country. In addition, with the increase in the requirement for the products, there may arise two probable situations, which would be discussed in this study. In this occasion, this study has also been discussed the influential factors, which can affect the demand for the mentioned products as well as the supply and the production of the products. The influential factors such as the level of income of the buyers, their demographic condition have been described in this following study. Demand and supply of the products of Adidas in Australia and the factors that affect the demand as well as the supply sides of the market According to Bachelor (2013), the demand for the products of Adidas such as sports shoes, clothing, gym wears as well as accessories in Australia has been rising over time. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the citizens of Australia are concerned about the brand or their figure, that they would like to go the gym. As a result, they need to purchase the items, produced by Adidas. Moreover, it can be stated that the total revenue earned by this company in the year of 2015 was $266,196,000. This proves that the demand for these products were comparatively higher. Instead of this, the trend of this consumption has been increasing effectively from the past few years. In the words of Bowen and Sosa (2014), this consumption level also can be determined based on the customers taste and preferences. In this context, it can be predicted that the increase in demand for the products will increase the supply or the production of the products by the mentioned company. Based on the taste and preferences and the requirements, the company manufactured the items. This will significantly enhance the profitability of the company. Furthermore, Bruneel et al. (2012) suggested that the consumers are looking for varieties of goods, innovations. As a result, the company can focus to the development of the manufacturing procedure. It can be identified that the rise in the demand of a specific item will successfully expand the supply of the products. Moreover, the consumption of the sports shoes has been reached to the largest peak as stated by Fleury et al. (2014). Therefore, in this aspect, there may arise two probable situations. If the demand for a particular product massively increases, then the company may not supply the products by that amount. In this case, the price for the particular product will increase. As a result, the demand for the product may fall and the consumers may reluctant to purchase the particular product. On the other hand, the second case can be discussed as the demand may not fall with the rise in the price of the product. This will happen in case of giffen goods. As per the statement of Obizhaeva and Wang (2013), this violates the law of demand. Hence, in this purpose, it can be mentioned that if the sports shoes of Adidas are seemed to the giffen goods, then with the rise in price, the demand as well as total sales by the company will not decrease. As a result, in this scenario it can be stated that most of the consumers are brand conscious and they would not like to purchase the same product from the other sport shoe manufacturing company. Therefore, in case of the giffen goods, the substitution effect would be compensated by the income effect. The above figure depicted that in case of giffen goods, the demand for the particular item will not reduce with the increase of price. It will remain equal as previous. Hence, if the price increases from P0 to P1, the demand for this particular product will also rise from Qo to Q1. As a result, the demand curve is upward sloping. In order to describe the influential factors, Piller, Lindgens, and Steiner (2012) mentioned that it will be beneficial to recognise the factors, which can affect the demand and the supply of products of Adidas in Australia. The production of the factors depends upon the growth of preferences and the increase of demand. As a result, it can be mentioned that the supply of the products and volume of sales of the company will be fruitfully increased. Furthermore, the demand and the supply of the products are also based upon the taste and the preferences of the buyers. This will fetch the demand and the supply of the factors. On the other hand, the requirements for the products of Adidas depend upon the level of income of the buyers. In this purpose, it can be mentioned that the prices of the products are the reflecting factors, which can estimate the demand. Roberts and Schlenkera (2013) mentioned that higher the level of income, greater will be the demand for the products and the supply for the items. Moreover, in case of the giffen goods, the higher income group people can afford the higher price of the manufacturing goods. Hence, the supply of the products will also rise. As a result, the suppliers will be profitable. Nevertheless, Shultz (2014) criticised that the lower income group people will not be able to afford the higher price and in that case the supply will decrease. Conclusion The overall study has been constructed on the on the notion of Economics assignment. In this context, the requirement for the products of Adidas has been considered. After the analysis, it can be observed that the demand for the products of Adidas has been increasing with the rise in time. As a result, the production has also increasing. On the other hand, the influential factors, which can affect the demand of the items, have also been discussed in this essay. References Bachelor, O., 2013.determining safety stock for an adidas apparel factory applying probabilistic demand model(doctoral dissertation, vietnam national university). Bowen, W.G. and Sosa, J.A., 2014.Prospects for faculty in the arts and sciences: A study of factors affecting demand and supply, 1987 to 2012. Princeton University Press. Bruneel, J., Ratinho, T., Clarysse, B. and Groen, A., 2012. The Evolution of Business Incubators: Comparing demand and supply of business incubation services across different incubator generations.Technovation,32(2), pp.110-121. Fleury, F.A., Cardoso, M.V., Fouto, N.D., Vance, P. and Marques, R., 2014. the impact of the stadium in the supporters consumption: how does the frequency at the stadium boosts the demand for the clubsproducts. Obizhaeva, A.A. and Wang, J., 2013. Optimal trading strategy and supply/demand dynamics.Journal of Financial Markets,16(1), pp.1-32. Piller, F.T., Lindgens, E. and Steiner, F., 2012. Mass Customization at Adidas: Three Strategic Capabilities to Implement Mass Customization.Available at SSRN 1994981. Roberts, M.J. and Schlenkera, W., 2013. Identifying supply and demand elasticities of agricultural commodities: Implications for the US ethanol mandate.The American Economic Review,103(6), pp.2265-2295. Shultz, D., 2014. Competing in a Commodity World.

Social Media and social responsibility Essays - Ethics,

Social Media and social responsibility Connie Elmore GEB2430 Professor Richardson, Todd May 1, 2017 Social Media and social responsibility Introduction The most important consideration in social responsibility for an organization is that it should not be executed on the basis of the views of an individual, but it should be a reflection of the values as well as beliefs of the owners and the shareholders. Engagement of stakeholders plays a crucial role in the corporate social responsibility of the organization as well as in the achievement of the triple bottom line (Gillenwater, 2008). Dialogue is very important in identifying the environmental as well as social issues that affect performance, accountability and enhancement of decision-making. The most important consideration for an organization is that business environment takes account of some crucial business strategies appraises in a continuous process which facilitates focusing on evaluation together with control of business through setting strategies as well as goals that should minimize costs and ensure maximization of profits in the business (Gillenwater, 2008). The use of social media to build social responsibility is an important consideration in the success of the business. It is therefore important for an organization to formulate strategies that are significant for their business in minimizing organizational costs coupled with raising the margin of profits in their business. Overall theme of the topic, background and why is it important The use of social media plays a vital role in perfecting the social responsibility in an organization through building a defense shield (Gillenwater, 2008). This is particularly important during the times of crisis where the organization should embrace the responsibility of being transparent as well as open. Expeditious communication to the customers is a vital consideration in the social responsibility of the company (Gillenwater, 2008). The use of digital platform has been an effective way of achieving such an objective in the organization, before the actual eruption of any crisis in the organization irrespective of its cause, the organization must embrace the requisite mechanisms to cushion the stakeholders through leveraging the positive performance of the company (Gillenwater, 2008). It is important for the organization to build networks that comprises the supporters over time, which must be aligned with the values as well as, the actions of the business that facilitate in the protection of the business during crisis (Collis & Jef, 2001). There are limited and straightforward strategies that can be applied in social media by organizations that facilitate in highlighting the commitments of the business to the social responsibility and aid in the building of the social media in the organization. Transparency is an important consideration in the social responsibility program of the business and more so when a social networking platform is being harnessed. The online consumers are particularly confident and the must therefore be accorded open communication that enhances the reputation of the business management (Collis & Jef, 2001). Social responsibility at an organization must be able to position the business in the existing environment. The use of social networking platforms in social media is crucial in shaping the social responsibility strategy in the organization. They describe the strategic positioning of the organization and the ethical reputation inherent in an organization business which in turn explains the perception of the society to an organization and the willingness of an organization to interact with the community. The most important consideration in social responsibility for an organization is that it should not be executed on the basis of the views of an individual but should be a reflection of the values as well as beliefs of the owners and the shareholders (Gillenwater, 2008). Facts, differing views, and concerns The social responsibility in a business organization can therefore be successful or a source of failure. The success of the social responsibility depends on their degree of expressing the behavior objectives. Good behaviors must be encouraged while the bad ones must be spelled out and discouraged. The mission of the business must be a reflection of the social responsibility (Schwartz, 2001). The failure of the social responsibility in addressing the employees' behaviors in the organization requires the action of the management to correct what seems to go wrong (Stevens, 2008). They must ascertain that their goals are pragmatic because social responsibilities that aim too high are likely to fail. For example, in a community where corruption is endemic, a goal of ending the practice can only mislead the administration in setting the agenda in the Social responsibility program (Schwartz, 2001). Feedback is an important action from the management of the organization to make sure that the social responsibilities are

Hollywood and the Rise of Cultural Protectionism The WritePass Journal

Hollywood and the Rise of Cultural Protectionism Abstract Hollywood and the Rise of Cultural Protectionism AbstractIntroductionHofstede’s definitionTrompenaars cultures definitionHollywood’s Film Industries influence to the worldThe Culture Values promoted by various Hollywood Films ConclusionBibliographyRelated Abstract Like an iceberg, most aspects of culture are largely invisible to the casual observer (for example, gender roles, ways to solve problems, conversational patterns). Using Hofstede’s and Trompenaars’ definitions, what aspects of culture do Hollywood films promote around the world? In what ways do Hollywood movies affect the cultural values of people outside the United States? Introduction Harvie Conn has described film as a cultural mirror, and that it is a  valuable reflection of contemporary attitudes, philosophies,  values, and lifestyles of individuals around the world. Others, such as Michael Medved, have placed  more emphasis on the idea of film as a ‘former’ of culture. (Frame, M, John, n.d) Hofstede’s definition Culture it self has been defined in several ways by several theorist, such as Hofstede’s who defined culture as the â€Å"collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. Furthermore he stated it consists of the unwritten rules of what he referred to as a ‘social game’. (Hofstede, Geert H. 2010) He also described culture as the software of the mind that guides us in interactions we face on a day-to-day basis. (Hofstede, 1995)   He identified 3 levels in human mental programming: Human nature (universal; inherited); Culture (specific to group/category; learned) Personality (specific to individual; learned and inherited). To conclude he stated that â€Å"Culture is always a collective phenomenon, because it is at least partly shared with people who live or lived within the same social environment which is where it is learned.† (Hofstede, 1995) In relation to film and the question of whether aspects of culture could be taught to individuals around the world, it is likely that Hofstede would agree so, that that culture could be taught through Hollywood films, as he believed that culture can be learned and also inherited. To expand on the assumption that culture could be learned, particular through film, this could be caused by the ability of individuals to have unique patterns of thinking; feeling; and potential acting which were learned throughout their lifetime, Hofstede would believe that these patterns of thinking’s could be learned through what they see in their lifetime, and what is depicted through films individuals see. (Hostede, Geert, 1991) The reason as to why he believed that culture is inherited was because of the assumption that much of it is likely to be acquired in early childhood, he argued at this time a person is most susceptible to learning and assimilating’, and that ‘As soon as certain patterns of thinking; feeling and acting have established themselves within a person’s mind; (s)he must unlearn these before being able to learn something different; and unlearning is more difficult than learning for the first time.’ (Hostede, Geert, 1991) One should agree with this theory, as what we learn from a young age and what we are continually told always will have an impact on our decision-making and interpretation of things in life. With this being said it could be assumed that when a human becomes older any future learned cultural opinions could have been influenced through Hollywood movies, we will look at the impact of Hollywood people outside of the United States. Trompenaars cultures definition Fons Trompenaars is a Dutch theorist within the field of cross-cultural communication and international management. The theorist developed a model of differences in national cultures. This model includes seven dimensions, it was used identify how people in different national cultures interact with each other. The respective cultures most likely response to each dilemma, this can be seen to illustrate the deep values entrenched in different cultures, and are used to generalize each national cultures most likely response to everyday dilemmas and human interactions. The different dimensions are useful in understanding different interactions between people from different national cultures, and can give guidance to e.g. expatriates having managerial tasks in different cultures. (Anon, 2009) The seven dimensions identified are Universalism vs. particularism (What is most important rules or relationships?) Individualism vs. collectivism (Do we function in a group or as individuals?) Neutral vs. emotional (Do we display our emotions, or do we hide them?) Specific vs. diffuse (Do we handle our relationships in specific and predetermined ways, or do we see our relationships as changing and related to contextual settings?) Achievement vs. ascription (Do we have to prove ourselves to receive status, or is status given to us?) Sequential vs. synchronic (Do we do things one at a time or several things at once?) Internal vs. external control (Do we believe that we can control our environment, or do we believe that the environment controls us?) Trompenaars tested these 7 dimensions on 55 worldwide national cultures. The results found in every national culture, which illustrate the preferred response to different dilemmas concerning each dimension, can therefore be used by business managers to foresee, how different people from different cultures may act and behave in different atmospheres (Anon, 2009) Hollywood’s Film Industries influence to the world From a historically aspect, Hollywood’s influence to other worldwide cultures can be seen from ever since the World War I, after this war occurred, according to sources, the American film industry achieved international dominance and became a principal promoter of American cultural expansion, in doing this Hollywood projecting images of America to the rest of the world. (Tosaka, 2003) In relation to Hofstede’s theory which said that culture could be learned, it would be assumed that with this American cultural expansion, their culture would become taught among foreign people in foreign national cultures. After the war according to the source, the United States emerged as the world’s leading economy and the largest creditor nation. At this time the American-controlled media flooded global markets with their American popular culture. The fact that America started to control media, would assume they were in control of what they wanted viewers to see and they were in control of how they wanted people around the world to think about America. This therefore contributed to the country being increasingly recognized as the center of international mass culture; in effect it helped with the launching of what was referred to as a process of Americanization on a global scale. (Rosenberg, 1890–1945) The aspects that would have been taught among people around the world through film would be social values, lifestyles and fashions, the effects among people around the world, vary as individuals could loathe, admire, and emulate it all over the world. (Rosenberg, 1890–1945) But of all cultural exports American inflicted globally, the Hollywood cinema was alleged to perhaps be the most visible and influential outpost of American culture in the interwar era. America became powerful as they started to control most film markets; in doing this they started enacting their American way of life on the silver screen which would therefore influence the individuals of crowded movie theatres around the world. Because of this Hollywood often became subject of a growing debate about the question of cultural identity in a new, interconnected world. (Tosaka, 2003) Some interpreted Hollywood’s control of film markets as positive, in that it helps ‘serve as goodwill ambassadors for promoting mutual understanding among nations.’ Furthermore, it has been said, that American Producers with regard to their dominance of globally of the film market, sort to ensure that every picture â€Å"shall correctly portray American life, opportunities and aspirations to the world,† while also â€Å"correctly portray[ing] to America the life of other people.†Ã‚   (Hays to J. F. Keeley, 23 August 1924, 281 Motion Pictures- General, 1924, RG 151) But it has been said in real life, however, just like its discourses on modernity and mass culture, Hollywood’s vision of creating global products that crossed the boundaries of culture and nation was often besieged with a constant stream of critical examination by domestic and foreign observers alike. (Tosaka, 2003) Further criticism was made, in regard to Hollywood’s dominance and cultural power to influence people around the world. These people that sit in the cinema watching the films may take the aspects of the movies as a reflection of prevailing social attitudes and start generalizing, there has been a demand for some specific films, to require great caution such as Fictional Films. (Razlogova, Ellen 2005) It has been said, Fictional films are complex industrial and social products. The way they are filmed, distributed, exhibited, and received by various audiences around the world and critics must be investigated to fully evaluate their ability to changes people’s perception of historical evidence. Examples have been made of this; it should be regarded as dangerous to interpret a few films from a specific period as simple reflections of American society. ‘The attitudes portrayed in a specific film may represent a series of compromises carefully designed to be non-offensive. In addition, individual films can indicate very different attitudes toward labor unions, big business, race relations, or womens rights.’ (Razlogova, Ellen 2005) This demonstrates that to different individuals in different cultures, even though their national cultures are different, they will still have the same perception and the same learning from watching the film, whether it is in relation to race or even women’s rights, or gay rights, it shows that film is a powerful regulator of people’s minds. The Culture Values promoted by various Hollywood Films Several Hollywood Films have caused great influences among people these could be seen as positive and controversially negative. Take for instance Movies that deal with Politics such as Air Force One (DVD) 1997 Directed by Wolfgang Petersen. The film is a Hollywood blockbuster movie, starring A-list actor Harrison Ford as James Marshall, President of the USA. The plot deals with fictional political intrigue and the hijacking of Air Force One, the Presidents jumbo jet, by Russian terrorists.  (Davis, n.d) The films influence could be regarded as an influence on Political philosophy, which is defined as philosophical reflection on how best to arrange our collective life our political institutions and our social practices, such as our economic system and our pattern of family life.   (Miller, 1998) The film is alleged to transmit several subtle and overt political  messages.  The film is also seen to be a celebration of American patriotism and militarism. (Davis, n.d) The film Dead Poets Society (1989) makes a critique of traditional education. Upon its release in 1989, Dead Poets Society (written by Tom Schulman, directed by Peter Weir) became a cultural influence among people in the world, as it’s a film that is regarded to have spoken to teens, students, the public and critics at large. (Laic, Carol 2001). The movie is alleged to have represented a social movement of ‘freedom of thought’ in the education of young adults, its influence was significant as traditional learning techniques are challenged by a new English teacher John Keating (Robin Williams) who introduces new progressive approaches in stark contrast to the traditions of disciplined learning styles.  (Laic, Carol 2001). This obviously has an education influence among viewers worldwide, it had the ability to impact on influences the way we are taught new things, therefore it is influential. In regard to influences of religion among the world, the film Passion of The Christ (2004) as stated in the case study, should be regarded as a controversial film, so controversial that the film was in Muslim countriesThe film has created a stir among ultra-Orthodox rabbis and some politicians who want it banned according to the Los Angeles Times. A survey showed that there were a rising percentage of individuals who say Jews were responsible for Christs death is rising, after watching the film. The poll released by the Pew Research Center in Washington is the first statistical evidence that the films box-office success may be associated with an increase in anti-Jewish feeling. (Ekklesia, 2004) Films such as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America For Make Benefit (2006) could be seen as to ridicule of foreign cultures for their religious believes ect. The film Lost In Translation (2003) was criticized for its portrayal of Japanese people as robotic creatures who mix up their L’s and R’s. Because of this portrayal, it’s likely that Americans will assume this is normal for Japanese people to do; therefore it is likely that the portrayal will create ignorant stereotypes among the Japanese and East Asian Americans. Worldwide, protectionism of most goods is insignificant or declining. Do movies constitute a separate category (culture incarnate, as stated in the case study), or should they be treated like any other good? That is, given the nature of movies, is it okay for a country to shield and support its own film industry via protectionism? Why? Are there any other cultural industries that governments should protect? There have been many controversial issues surrounding the idea of cultural protectionism, particularly in relation to foreign film markets, such as Australia. The Australian government had been involved in a series of negotiations with the US for what was described as a bilateral trade agreement. At the time the Bush Administration promised their Prime Minister John Howard a free trade deal as a pay-off for Australian participation in the illegal US-led war against Iraq.’ (Phillips, 2003) The agreement was beneficial to Australian businesses and farmers with better access to American markets and boost export incomes. But to achieve this however, Howard told the media, â€Å"We will have to agree to some things the Americans put to us.† In the agreement America could decline to pay taxation on films, as it was suggested by the Local filmmakers and actors argued that this shows a weakening of protective measures for the small Australian film and television industry. (Phillips, 2003) With this being said, if there is less taxation imposed on America for their films, there will be less finance from quotas (what the government demands to help finance new local-content) towards local films, as stated in the case study. Furthermore, it was said by the Australian Screen Directors Association (ASDA) executive Richard Harris, and an actors union called the Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance (MEAA), that the lack of quotas to promote protectionism of goods could ‘lead to a collapse of the local industry’. They claimed that Australia’s â€Å"cultural identity† was under threat from Hollywood if these agreements were accepted for in return for the free trade deal. (Phillips, 2003) This issue for the Australian film industry if accepted from the US, it would demonstrate a decline in the protectionism of their goods, a loss of their cultural indentify; Australia would have to make do with American film culture, and no film culture reflecting the Australian way of life. Given these circumstances it should be okay for their government to protect their film industry and providing a shield for it. In contrast The French government has expressed support for French Culturalism, As the French President at the time, Jacqes Chirac strongly supported restrictions within the entertainment industry because as he puts it he did not want to see European culture sterilized or obliterated by American Culture for economic reasons that have nothing to do with real culture (Rinaman, n.d) The EU Broadcast Directive was passed in October 1989 in an effort to protect and promote the Europeancultural identity. The directive requires that EU member-states reserve a majority (51 percent) of entertainment broadcast transmission time for programs of European origin. The Directive and quotas (as explained in the case study) implemented by the French Government limit the number   of American films shown in French theatres and on French Television. After the EU Directive was implemented into the French domestic law, American entertainment executives were alleged to have complained that these laws were put in place to limit their audiences globally; they therefore weren’t pleased with these actions for cultural protectionism. In response to the outcry the EU officials claimed that quotas and trade limitations set were not intended to keep American productions out of Europe. The initial goal was to liberalize trade, not restrain it; to enhance business opportunities for all broadcasting companies selling in Europe.   Europeans, and especially the French say, A legitimate desire to preserve national and regional identities should not be confused with protectionism. Creating a more level playing ground within the film industry worldwide is goal France had seemed to be working toward. (Rinaman, n.d) Cultural Protectionism hurts the American Industry more than foreign industry as it stands to economic control within the entertainment industry. US film producers are mostly concerned with the directives implications because of the success of their industry, according to sources, the Hollywood earns $3.5 billion per year from the exports to the European audio-visual market. (Rinaman, n.d) The United States, according to the source had held consultation with the EU under concerning the directive. They argued that the quotas in place violate member-states obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994. The US contends that it is entitled to take further action   based on its GATT rights and will therefore monitor the implementation of the EU measures closely, in order to ascertain whether Super 301 measures will be   necessary. (Rinaman, n.d) Other cultural industries that governments seek to protect are also national magazine industries. The Canadian government had placed an 80% tax on all foreign magazines sold in Canada that did not contain at least 80% Canadian content.   The tax was imposed in response to Time Warner Inc. Printing of its Canadian split-run version of Sports Illustrated in Canada. Even though Canadians share many basic attributes with their American neighbours; for instance they speak the same language, watch many of the same films and television programs and read the same best-selling books, they still feel the need for cultural protectionism. The Nation at the time is said to feel that its cultural identity is being compromised by broadcast mixing of programmes on the radio and satellite, this is caused by proximity allowing radio programming to cross the border between the US and Canada with very little difficulty. (Rinaman, n.d) From a General point of view, Canadas market of 26 million people had become saturated by American culture distributed by cultural industries in the US and Canada. According to the source, between 60 and 95   percent of film, television, music and publishing markets were controlled by Americans   Four in every five magazines sold in Canada are foreign publications. This should be the reason as to why government needed to impose taxation, to protect their culture. (Rinaman, n.d) Conclusion To conclude, generally Hollywood still has an impact on cultural aspects of lives, as demonstrated in films of the 21st century, Hollywood films still have the impact to influence cultural beliefs on non-Americans, and these cultural views could be taught and learned as Hofstede believed in his theory, there are many influences such as political which could influence citizens of other nations, along with the issue of patriotism. The influences are not always easy to identify, as said it isn’t easy to see to an observer, e.g. hidden messages. These influences are a threat to societies of other nations, as movies may generalize and stereotype foreign nations. Not all influences are seen as negative as demonstrated in the educational aspects in the film Dead Poets Society (1989). With regard to most of the influence of Hollywood, because of the impact among people all over the world, the author suggests a need for cultural protectionism, to limit Hollywood’s control over t he mass-media globally, so that foreign markets can promote a realistic culture among their society. With regard to the issue as to whether it is right for foreign governments to implement strategies to enforce cultural protectionism, through taxation and legislation, if it protects the local film industries, then it should be allowed and it should not be declining, with regard to the Australian Screen Directors Association’s assumption that the lack of quota could jeopardise their film industry. (ASDA) therefore it could result in a lack of jobs being created for Australians, and therefore cause more issues for the Australian government. As outlined, there are many reasons as to why it is beneficial to promote cultural protectionism of foreign countries; it helps reflect a more realistic aspect of their national culture, if there are more domestic films being produced and less Americanised films. Bibliography Books Hofstede, Geert H. (2010) ‘Cultures and Organizations, Software of the Mind: Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival’ Published by the McGraw-Hill Companie Hofstede, Geert H. (1995) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York, NYM McGraw-Hill 1995 (Hostede, Geert (1991) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.) Trompenaars, Fons, Hampden-Turner, Charles Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business Nicholas Brealey Publishing 1997 Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890–1945 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982), 87–121. Douglas, Ann (1995) Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920spublished in New York by Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, chaps. 9–11 McNair, B. (1999).  An Introduction to Political Communication  (2nd edition) London: Routledge. Robb, D. L. (2004).  Operation Hollywood: How the Pentagon Shapes and Censors the Movies. Amherst: Prometheus. Street, J. (2001).  Mass Media, Politics and Democracy. Houndmills: Palgrave. Wink, W. (1998).  The powers that be: Theology for a new millennium.  New York: Doubleday. Filmography Air Force One (DVD) 1997 Directed by Wolfgang Petersen Cultural Learnings of America For Make Benefit (DVD) 2006 Directed by Larry Clark Lost in Translation 2003 (DVD) Directed by Sofia Soppola Passion of The Christ( DVD) 2004 Directed by Mel Gibson Dead Poets Society (DVD) 1989 Journals 1. Tosaka, Yuji (2003) Hollywood Goes To Tokyo: American Cultural   Expansion And imperial Japan, 1918–1941 The Ohio State University 2003 http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Tosaka%20Yuji.pdf?osu1060967792 [Accessed March 21st 2011]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Internet Sources 1. Phillps, Richard ‘Australian film industry: the futility of calls for â€Å"cultural protection† Published 9 December 2003 wsws.org/articles/2003/dec2003/ozfi-d09.pdf [Accessed March 20th 2011] 2. MILLER, DAVID (1998). Political philosophy. In E. Craig (Ed.),  Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. Retrieved March 24, 2011, from rep.routledge.com/article/S099 3. Paterson, Robert Geert Hofstede’s Model http://radioweblogs.com/0107127/stories/2003/01/16/cultureGeertHofstedesModel.html [Accessed March 21th 2011] 4 .http://zonecours.hec.ca/documents/A2008-1-1793147.Hollywood_sCase.pdf Hec Montreal [Accessed March 21th 2011] 5 . Trompenaars, Fons, Hampden-Turner, Charles What are Fons Trompenaar’ Cultural Dimensions? businessmate.org/Article.php?ArtikelId=5   (2009) [Accessed March 21th 2011] 6 . BBC NEWS (2004) ‘Christ Film Opens to Controversy’ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3484916.stm [Accessed March 21th 2011] 7 . Laic, Carol (2001) Selected Moments of the 20th Century: Dead Poets Society  makes a critique of traditional education 8 . The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE/UT) oise.utoronto.ca/legacy/research/edu20/moments/1989deadpoets2.html?cms_page=edu20/moments/1989deadpoets2.html [Accessed March 20th 2011] 9. Rinaman, Karen ‘French film quotas and cultural protectionism’ American University (http://www1.american.edu/TED/frenchtv.htm) [Accessed March 20th 2011] 10. Rinaman, Karen ‘Canadian Magazine Industry and Cultural Protectionism’ Rinaman American University http://www1.american.edu/TED/sportsil.htm [Accessed March 20th 2011] 11. Frame, M, John Theology at the Movies: Film and Culture frame-poythress.org/frame_books/TATM/chapter2.htm [Accessed March 20th 2011] 12. Elena Razlogova, Roy Rosenzweig Film as Social and Cultural History (2005) http://historymatters.gmu.edu/mse/film/socialhist.html 1999-2005 American Social History   [Accessed March 20th 2011] 13. Davis, Richard ( n.d) rad.net.nz/index.php?id=843 [Accessed March 20th 2011] 14. Ekklesia, ‘Passion of Christ Not Showing in Isarel’ Published in 2004 (ekklesia.co.uk/content/news_syndication/article_04046pss.shtml)

Nationalism and imperialism in British africa 1850-1960 Essay

Nationalism and imperialism in British africa 1850-1960 - Essay Example Identity is another issue in settler societies. Louis Hartz, in his seminal work, "The Founding of New Societies" (1964:11-13, 53-4)1, observed that identity formation by European settlers in a new land is a complex process. Changes in Europe and the presence of 'native' peoples in the new land make it difficult to maintain identification with the old country. The 'racial element' becomes an integral part of settler consciousness and national identity in a way that does not occur in Europe. Colonial presence became established first, in the West African Settlements (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast etc.). It brought, as a by-product, Christian missionaries (White and Black!) and Enlightenment ideas of freedom and self-determination to Africa. However, it also brought the idea of the "Other" with it and dispossessed the Africans from their sense of the "Self". Edward Said in his "Orientalism" (1984) focused on the idea of discourse. He categorically explained the discursive practices of the "West" since the beginning of the Renaissance and their "Humanist" attempts to situate themselves into a historically, anthropologically, socially, psychologically and economically dominant and "subject" position that would forever dispossess the native "orient" being from their own history and claim to history within the Western canon. Not only that Fanon in his "Black Skin White Masks"2, talks about the psychological dislocation of the native due to the complete eradication of African iden tity from educated native. Incase of the masses the dislocation was physical - through the dislocation of their lands. Thus, anthropologists such as Madison Grant or Alexis Carrel built their pseudo-scientific racism, inspired by Gobineau's "An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races" (1853-55). This ruse of superiority was used from the nineteenth century onwards, to begin the 'civilizing mission' which legitimated imperial conquest and control brought to the fore the issue of 'native policy'. The 'white man's burden' meant that, in imperialist theory and to some extent in practice, 'native policy' involved the role of the Colonial Office as guardian of 'racial' minorities and 'backward' peoples. In the mixed colonies, however, it continued to mean principally the legalized theft of 'native' land and the use of 'natives' as a source of cheap labor. Settler societies were therefore quick to seek political autonomy in order to deal with the 'natives' in their own way and acquire w hat territory they wanted. Hence, the nineteenth century saw a further divergence between colonial and imperial ideology. Two contradictory sets of principles were on a collision course within the settlements: the concept of trusteeship within the imperial philosophy of a non-racial empire, and the settlers' determination to create a 'White Man's Country' (Huttenback 1976:21)3. After the 'scramble for Africa' in the 1880s, there was a brief age of self-conscious imperialism when the British empire was vaunted as the strongest, largest and most benign the world had ever seen, and flags and banners became sacred symbols of the nation. However, this could not hide the savagery of the war that was being used as an appropriate civilizing mission. In South Africa, three groups struggled over the land. In the early 1800s, the Zulu chief Shaka fought to win more land. Meanwhile, the British won control of the Dutch colony on the

Comparing Two Arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing Two Arguments - Essay Example He defends the use of animals in scientific experiments. Roger Caras is a well-known photographer and writer. He is known best for being a wildlife preservationist and as a president of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Obviously, Caras is on the other side of the fence, defending animals as subjects in scientific experiments. Karpati believes that the use of animals in scientific experiments is a necessary means to discover and understand the different principles, such as biological processes. He agrees that computer simulation may help but it will not be enough to imitate the different processes happening within one’s live body. Thus, it is important to have live subjects to replicate the same processes. He argues that if the use of animals in experimentation is restricted, the scientific research will be greatly impacted. Medicines, surgical techniques and other great innovations may not be discovered for years, even decades. Karpati says he doe s not advocate a cruel treatment to animals, rather he wants the public, and the animal rights movement, to ponder on whether to choose using animals to discover treatments for the illness of a child or to let a sick child die without attempting to treat him. Caras, on the other hand, argues that animals have rights and we don’t have the right to inflict pain and suffering on them. We should not be treating animals as properties that we can do anything we want to. Caras believes that there is a pressing need to find alternatives to animals when doing scientific research. His argument focuses on the quest to discover other means on how scientific research can effectively simulate the needed information gathered from live bodies. Different with other animal rights advocate, he attempts to direct the public in resolving the conflict by looking for alternatives rather than by just arguing not to use animals or to continue using them as live subjects. While Karpati defends his poi nt of view, Caras points the reader to a different direction. Caras wants the reader to look for solutions rather than just argue about the issue. Karpati wants the reader to understand that the restriction of animal use might as well be a call to limit scientific research. He does this by enumerating the many effects of limiting the use of animals in research. He says that â€Å"the terrifying effects of the effort to restrict the use of animals in medical research is that the impact will not be felt for years and decades† (Karpati). He continues that drugs, surgical techniques, and fundamental biological processes may not be discovered and understood until years later, and even more that these delays may mean the cost of many lives. Karpati defends himself by saying he does not advocate animal cruelty. In fact, he believes that the animal rights movement has made a significant contribution in making the scientific community search harder for suitable alternatives for animal experiments. But Caras believes that there is little effort in doing so as it has only recently become an imperative for the scientific community (Caras). Caras points out that even if the scientific community is looking for alternatives, they are not looking hard enough or their efforts are delayed. Caras and Karpati both declares that the scientific co

Exam 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exam 1 - Coursework Example If the Japanese firm expects the U.S. dollar to ____ against the yen, it would likely wish to hedge. It could hedge by ____ dollars forward. 13. Saller Co. has a subsidiary in Mexico. The expected cash flows in pesos to be received in the future from this subsidiary have not changed since last month, but the valuation of Saller Co. has declined since last month. What couldve caused this decline in value? 14. Jensen Co. wants to establish a new subsidiary in Mexico that will sell computers to Mexican customers and remit earnings back to the U.S. parent. The value of this project will be favorably affected if the value of the peso ____ while it establishes the new subsidiary and ____ when the subsidiary starts operations. 15. J&L Co. is a U.S.-based MNC that frequently exports computers to Italy. J&L typically invoices these goods in euros and is concerned that the euro will depreciate in the near future. Which of the following is not an appropriate technique under these circumstances? 17. Assume that Live Co. has expected cash flows of $200,000 from domestic operations, SF200, 000 from Swiss operations, and 150,000 euros from Italian operations at the end of the year. The Swiss francs value and euros value are expected to be $.83 and $1.29 respectively, at the end this year. What are the expected dollar cash flows of Live

Five Point Environmental Strategy Of Marriott International Tourism Essay

Five Point Environmental Strategy Of Marriott International Tourism Essay Introduction Since 1987, when the concept of sustainability was mentioned on a coordinated international platform, the movement towards sustainability had expanded across the globe. The governmental and non-governmental organizations, corporations and consumers those focusing on the need to exist in harmony with their surroundings and environmental footprints are increasingly. The hospitality industry also not exception, therefore the concept of sustainability has begun to gain momentum in this industry. (Ernst and Young, 2008) http://www.hotelnewsresource.com/pdf8/e_y120408.pdf Alison Sperry (2010) defined that Going Green means: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Going Green is making the daily decisions with responsible that benefits to the environment and also can reduce waste and pollution. This concept also encourages a lifestyle of recycling, using chemical-free products, using alternative energy sources such as wind and solar and reducing the dependency on fossil fuels for energy. Hotel businesses developed and operated by the consumption of significant amounts of natural resources which are affected the sustainability of the natural environment. The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) therefore, has grown considerably over the last decade due to an increasing number of companies formally recognising the impacts they have on the environment, on society and on the economy (Jones et.al, 2006). Going greens concept is a concept of people learns how to make the environmentally friendly choices. Going green also is a concept that supporters make some changes to encourage healthier and environmentally friendly living. http://www.ehow.com/about_6681447_concept-going-green.html Ernst and Young (2008) defined that green: not a black and white issue. The travelers that concerned about the environment were increasingly and they always make their own determination as to what constitutes greenness in the lodging industry. http://www.ehow.com/about_6681447_concept-going-green.html According to Deloitte Survey (2008) showed that, consumers, employees and individual travellers start to concerned more about the hospitality industrys sustainability. Most of the individuals also start to changes their lifestyles and accepting higher green standards for themselves and also to the companies that they cooperate with. http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedStates/Local%20Assets/Documents/us_cb_sustainability_190608(1).pdf Marriott International has more than twenty-year commitment to start the environmental preservation. The Marriott International is working toward a greener, healthier planet and their operating units are employ methods to protect the surroundings of natural and resources (Marriott, 1996 2010). Every year, the Marriott International and its owners had spent around 10 billion just for buy the products and services for its 3,300 hotels around the world. Marriott International also expanding its green hotels and buildings portfolios. Besides that, approximately 275 of Marriotts hotels have received the ENERGY STAR ® label from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Marriott, 1996 2010). http://www.marriott.com/marriott.mi?page=green_buildings Last but not least, Marriott International also was ranked 42nd out of 100 in The Greenest Big Companies on Newsweeks first-ever list. Moreover, Marriott International also gets the 2009 Tourism for Tomorrow Award for Sustainability in the categories of the Global Tourism Business by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) (Marriott, 1996 2010). The Problem Statement The problem of this topic is about how Marriott International. Inc. practices their going green programs in their properties. Marriott International Corporation is a leading worldwide hospitality company (Marriott, 2010). Currently, Marriott has more than 3100 of lodging properties is in the United States and 65 is in other countries and territories across 17 lodging and vacation resort ownership brands (Marriott, 2009). Marriott has more than twenty-year commitment to environmental preservation (Marriott, 2010). In 2007, Marriott formed a Global Green Council, a cross-functional team of senior executives that collaborated with Conservation International, a global environmental organization, to evaluate its practices, set long-term goals, develop an environmental strategic plan and catalyze its progress (Marriott, 2010). Five-point Environmental Strategy of Marriott International was developed in collaboration with Conservation International which are includes (Marriott, 2009): Reduce Consumption of Water, Waste and Energy Greener Buildings, expansion of LEED-certified hotels Greening Supply Chain Protecting the Rainforest with Carbon Offsets Employee Guest Engagement Over the last decade, for, the Marriott International corporate organized the Going Green programs which involved in energy conservation by changed 450,000 of the light bulbs with fluorescent lighting, installed around 400,000 low-flow of showerheads and toilets and also introduced the linens reuse programs in their hotels worldwide (Marriott, 2009). Besides that, the Marriotts Retro-Commissioning (MRCx) program, planning process and a comprehensive evaluation that helps their properties become as energy efficient as possible, was conducted at more than 30 of its largest properties (Marriott, 2009). Through projects completed over the last few years and those currently under way, Marriott anticipate saving 12 million kilowatts of power (Marriott, 2009). In general, properties find that after it implement all the recommendations that evolved from an MRCx assessment, it energy costs decrease 5 to 25 per cent and they are achieving, on average, a payback on their investment in just 1.4 years (Marriott, 2009). In the Americas, Marriott achieved a 2.2 per cent reduction per available room (Marriott, 2009). In late 2009, through a partnership with a U.S.-based landscaping company, Marriott adopted a climate-specific approach to landscaping, using native plants and restricted colour palettes to reduce irrigation demands and cut the amount of fertilizer required to keep plants healthy (Marriott, 2009). In 2009, Marriotts landfill waste in the USA totalled 726,993 tons which reflects a 17 per cent reduction from 2007(Marriott, 2009). Additionally, its recycling rate also was increased to 69 per cent and all the header quarters waste also was diverted from the landfill to the waste-to-energy plant (Marriott, 2009). Also, Marriott expanding its existing of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle programs that already in place of 90 per cent of hotels which included guest room and meeting rooms (Marriott, 2009). Forty Marriott International hotels are expected to receive the LEED certification from the USGBC (USGBC, 2010). In addition, Marriott internationals global Headquarters in Bethesda was received the LEED-Existing Building Gold status (USGBC, 2010). Moreover, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency also had awarded Marriott International for three following years with its Sustained Excellence Award and more than 275 of its hotels also placed the ENERGY STAR ® label (Marriott, 2010). Marriott International has greening its supply chain by introduce the greener solutions at no extra cost (Marriott, 2009). For instance, Marriott has purchased 24 million of Greener key cards which consists 50 per cent of recycled material, which had save around 66 tons of plastics from dumped into the landfill (Marriott, 2009). Moreover, Marriotts will begin replacing the 100,000 synthetic pillows with those Eco-pillows that filled with material made from recycled bottles. In addition, one million of Earth-friendly towels that Marriott purchases in North America are no need to be pre-washed, which had save six million gallons of water (Marriott, 2009). Marriott hotels in Central Europe were used a laundry detergent that already cuts approximately 100,000 kg amount of phosphates released into waste water (Marriott, 2009). Marriott has teamed up with many Corporation or organizations to help them support their efforts to preserve and protect the environment (Marriott, 2009). For instance, Amazonas Sustainable Foundation (FAS), Conservation International, ENERGY STAR ®, International Tourism Partnership (ITP), and U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). The Marriotts protecting the rainforest strategy is help to protect 1.4 million of acres in endangered rainforest for the Juma Sustainable Development Reserve which partnership with the state of Amazonas in Brazil (Marriott, 2009). Research Questions The followings are some key questions addressed by his research: Is the Marriott International had practiced the going green? How the Marriott International practiced the going green in this industry? Why the Marriott international will practiced the going green? What level of going green programs of Marriott International? What differences between Marriott Internationals going green program with other companies? Does the going green program increase the income of Marriott International? Research Objectives To answer the above research questions, this study seek to accomplish the following objectives: To investigate going green practiced among all Marriott Internationals properties. To determine how the Marriott International practiced the going green. To determine the reasons of Marriott International practiced the going green. To examine the level of going green practiced among all Marriott Internationals properties. To compare the level of going green with other companies. To determine the advantages and disadvantages of going green in Marriott International. To determine the effect of going green programs to Marriott International. Hypothesis Statement Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework Conceptual Framework Marriott International. Inc. Going Greens Programs The strategies and programs of going green in Marriott International. Inc. The programs or strategies of going green in hospitality industry. The Actions that practices by Marriott International corporate. Theoretical Framework This research mostly searches on the Marriott International Corporate practising the level of going green in most of their properties. The reason why Marriott International become famous in going green program because their organized a lot of events or activities to greening their companies. In the internet or newspaper, we can see that Marriott International corporate organized a lot of activities in greening and get a lot of award internationally in greening program. Besides that, their also is one of the famous go green corporate in the world. Moreover, the going green is not easy to practices in the companies because it need a lot of resources to make it really work. Scope and Limitation This study was carried out among all Marriott International in going green program. The Marriott International, Inc.s operations are grouped into the five business segments which are North American Full-Service Lodging, North American Limited-Service Lodging, International Lodging, Luxury Lodging and Timeshare. Significance of the study The significance of this research is to evaluate the level of going green activities that practices or organized by Marriott International Corporate. According to The New York Times (2009), the Marriott International announced that they would no longer deliver newspapers to every guestroom in the morning. They only will deliver to which guest rooms had requested a newspaper or can pick one up in the lobby. Although that change is arguably as much about saving money more than saving trees. Marriott had assessed that it would reduce the newspaper distribution at its hotels to about 18 million only annually. http://zoominlocal.com/santa-rosa-press-democrat/2009/10/25/#?article=621947 Furthermore, this research is for acknowledge people around the world to know how important and advantages of going green in hospitality industries now a days. Now, most of the knowledge people are targeting the greening companies to cooperate with than normal companies. This is why more and more companies going to practising greening in their company because followed by the trend of all around the world. Chapter Two Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The literature review will begin with an essential understanding of the key points needed in order to accomplish the aim of the project. The research will be analysed in the literature to help construct an academic structure on the definition and concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The literature will also evaluate the purpose of sustainable development in the hospitality industry and its advantages and limitations. One area which has been particularly analysed is the going green programmes that practice by the hospitality industry as it contains most of the key areas. Furthermore, the literature reviews also analysing the views, theories arguments and perspectives of previous authors for assessment. The literature reviews also will finally perform as a source with which to analyse the differing perspectives on these key points identify gaps for argument and highlight key issues associated with going green programme in hospitality. 2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility Definitions and Concepts The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has grown considerably over the last decade due to an increasing number of companies formally recognising the impacts they have on the environment, on society and on the economy (Jones et.al, 2006). CSR issues are now being integrated into all aspects of business operations and explicit commitment to CSR is made in the visions, missions and value statements of an increasing number of companies all over the world (Ofori and Hinson, 2007). Definitions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have, however, remained an area of deliberation from the concepts very beginnings. A variety of definitions have been framed. The Commission of the European Communities (2001, p.6 ) defines CSR as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in the business operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. CSR therefore, is not just fulfilling legal responsibilities but may also go beyond compliance to embrace wider social, environmental and economic goals (Commission of the European Communities, 2001). The concept of CSR is one which has emerged over the last 50 years to occupy a significant role in certain aspects of organisational theory and has only been in wide use since the 1960s (Meehan et al., 2006). CSR was eventually recognised as businesses that are part of society and have the potential to make a positive contribution to social goals (Jones et al., 2006). CSR therefore seems to be synonymous with charitable and voluntary acts by business organisations designed to improve social skills. Conversely, Donaldson and Preston (1995) believe that businesses are not responsible to society but responsible to their stakeholders and view CSR from this perspective. One of the more cited definitions of CSR is proposed by the World Bank (2003), which defines CSR as the responsibility of businesses to contribute to sustainable economic development-working with internal stakeholders, the local community, and society to improve the quality of life which is positive for business and development. The similarity among these different definitions of CSR is that companies should engage in CSR behaviour as part of their organisational strategy. Bevan et al. (2004) list nine potential benefits of CSR which include reduced operating costs; improved profitability and financial performance; enhanced capability to innovate; better risk and crisis management; long-term sustainability for companies and the workforce; improved staff commitment and involvement; good relations with government and society; enhanced reputation and brand value; and enhanced customer relationships and increased awareness of customer needs. 2.3 The Sustainability Development of the Hotel Industry International Tourism Partnership (2010) defines the term green in business as originally related to environmental issues; it has evolved to embrace all aspects of sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Sloan et al. (2009) define a sustainable hospitality operation as one which manages its resources in such a way that economic, social and environmental benefits are maximised in order to meet the need of the present generation while protecting and enhancing opportunities for future generations. Green Hotels Association (2010, p.2) provides a more resource-oriented definition of the Green Hotel: Green Hotels are environmentally-friendly properties whose managers are eager to institute programmes that save water, save energy and reduce solid waste, while saving money to help protect the earth. According to Green Hotels Association (2010), Green Hotels have gained a foothold in lodging operators contribution to societys concern for the environment which focuses on programmes which are designed to save water, save energy and reduce solid waste. Programme components such as towel rack hangers and sheet-changing cards have achieved positive responses by hotel management staff as well as guests for over ten years (Green Hotels Association, 2010). The UK hotel sector would appear to accept that it does have an impact on the environment (Brown, 1996). This is not only confirmed by exploratory research but also through the formation of the International Tourism Partnership (ITP). The ITP has published an environmental magazine, the Green Hotelier, whose readership cares about environmentally and socially responsible hotel behaviour as focused on positive sustainable travel and tourism development (International Tourism Partnership, 2010). According to research by the Carbon Trust (Green hotelier, 2010), rising energy prices and taxes are the biggest worries facing the British hospitality industry in 2010. This view is supported by Alexander and Kennedy (2002) who find that the most costly and wasteful use of resources in hotels are usually in the consumption of non-renewable energy, excessive water use, and the generation of waste Brown (1996) argues that however the general manger of a hotel would appear to be restricted in introducing environmental improvements in the hotel unless a cost saving or other tangible benefit is identified. This view is supported by Butler (2008) who finds that the hospitality industry has been waiting for increased consumer demand and lower costs before it fully embraced green operation. In part, the slow adoption of green building standards has followed the approach that most hotel guests did not think that being green was that important, particularly if recycling or other green activities increased room rates or was inconvenient (Butler, 2008). Without consumers demanding green hotels, the perception of greater cost for green hotel development was an obstacle to the industrys adoption. 2.3 Case study of Accor and Hilton Based on their total room number and location of their hotels, the tho hotel groups selected for case study were Accor Hotel Group (Europe) and Hyatt Corporation (USA), being in 2009 the top 10 hotel groups in UK (Caterersearch, 2010). Marriott International Corporate also is one of the top 10 hotel groups in UK. Company Number of hotels Number of rooms Number of hotels worldwide 1 Whitbread Hotel Company 577+ 40,000+ 580 2 InterContinental Hotels Group 248 34,955 4,200   3 Travelodge (Dubai  International Capital) 372 23,150 380+   4 Accor Hotels   138   19,996   4,000 5 Hilton Hotels Corporation 78   16,566 3,200   6 Best  Western   285   15,305   4,035   7 Wyndham Worldwide 122 12,274   7,000 8   Marriott Hotels   58   12,015   3,200   9 Carlson  Hotels Worldwide     50   9,718 1,030   10   The  Rezidor Hotel Group  Ã‚     42   7.759   380 Table 1: Top 10 Hotel Groups in the UK, 2009 by number of bedrooms. (Caterersearch, 2010) 2.3.1 Accor Group Hotels Accor currently manages 4,100 hotels under 13 different brands worldwide (Accor, 2010). Accors philosophy is based on hospitality and respect for diverse cultures, incorporating environmental best practices in all its operations (Accor, 2010). The goals of their Earth Guest programme, launched in 2006, are to reduce water and energy consumption, promote balanced nutrition and to double, in three years, the number of hotels that offer fair-trade products (Accor, 2010). The programme is divided into two parts which are a social responsibility development area (EGO) and an environmental responsibility development area (ECO) (Accor, 2010). EGO is includes programmes for local development, the protection of children, combating of epidemics and the promotion of healthy eating; and ECO is includes the reduction of water and energy consumption, and the improvement of waste sorting and recycling, as well as the preservation of biodiversity (Accor, 2008 and 2009). The Hoteliers Environmental Charter is Accors internal benchmarking tool and provides the local hotel managers with guidelines for environmentally sustainable business practices. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (2010), the Hoteliers Environmental Charter has been adopted by 88% of Accors 4,000 properties. The Charter gives hotel managers and employees clear instructions on how resources can be saved in the areas of energy, water and waste (Accor, 2008). The first and second point of Hoteliers Environmental Charter considers is energy and water (Accor, 2010). Compact fluorescent light bulbs are used in 82% hotels for areas that remain light 24 hours a day (Accor, 2010). Accor also continued to promote the use of renewable energy sources, installing solar-powered hot water systems in 32 hotels in 2009, with a total of 99 hotels now equipped worldwide (Accor, 2009). Accor is actively involved in water conservation measures and water consumption per occupied room was reduced by 4% between 2006 and 2009 (Accor, 2009). Moreover, flow-regulators have now been installed in showers and faucets in 89% of hotels (Accor, 2009). Accor actively promotes waste sorting and recycling as well as eco-designed products for instance, 51% of hotels recover paper, cardboard and glass (Accor, 2008). Accor has improved its performance in waste management by manage with a dedicated waste management module that monitor the amount of waste produced per room, the recovery rate and the cost of waste disposal (Accor, 2009). Waste Traceability mainly concerns the separation of waste, where the company already achieves a high score in France owing to its proactive information policy (Accor, 2008). According to Accor (2010), their hotel prefers eco-labelled suppliers. In 2002, Accor dispatched an environmental purchasing charter to its purchasing organisations as well as to over 2,000 preferred suppliers (Sloan et al., 2009). 2.3.2 Hilton Hotels Currently, Hilton Hotels Corporation has more than 3,200 hotels and 525,000 rooms in 77 countries. In 2009, Hilton is new global headquarters in McLean, Virginia which meets the highest environmental standard for his design, operation and construction. (Environmental Leader, 2009) http://www.environmentalleader.com/2009/08/11/hilton-kimpton-hotel-chains-go-for-the-green/ Besides that, the sustainability target that aims in coming 2014 by Hilton Hotels was announced. Those include: 20 per cent: Reducing energy consumption from direct operations; 20 per cent: Reducing CO2 emissions; 20 per cent: Reducing output of waste; 10 per cent: Reducing water consumption. Hilton has already begun to green its hotel operations. Through the introduction of carbon-free electricity at its facilities in the U.K. and Ireland, Hilton says it reduced CO2 emissions in participating Hilton hotels by more than 64,000 tons, or 56 percent of its carbon footprint. The company says it has also reduced its energy and water consumption 10 percent over the last two years. Hilton Hotels reported in May that it has delivered energy savings of more than 10 percent last year across more than 80 hotels in Europe. A 2007 survey conducted by the Association of Corporate Travel Executives and KDS revealed that only one-third of corporate travel policies promote sustainable tourism. While many travelers said they would prefer a green hotel, other factors such as price win out when theyre booking. 2.3.3 Summary Most major chains are looking for ways to integrate green into their hotels, and water and energy conservation are popular routes. Marriott International has set the goal of lowering GHG emissions 2.2 million pounds by 2010, says Ed Fuller, president and managing director of the company. Wolfgang Neuman of Hilton Hotels sees near-term moves toward eco-friendly air-conditioning, solar heating, and heat recovery systems to extract waste water from one system and use it in another. And by 2010, 200 of Accors hotels in France will have solar panels. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction In this dissertation, in order to obtain broad knowledge about environmental operating practise in the hotel industry, a wide range of secondary sources will be reviewed. In addition, research strategy adopted was to conduct multiple case studies in three top hotel companies in Europe and the USA. The main data collection techniques used in this research study was documentation analysis and content analysis. This chapter is divided into three sections. In the first, the interpretive stance in the field of information system is examined. The next section is about the construction of the secondary research design which deals with the research design and covers the reasons for selecting resources. Finally, section three describes the research approach followed in case study research. 3.2 Research Design Currently, secondary literatures have increase rapidly, particularly as new resources which are developed or ready through the internet (Saunders et al., 2009). In this research project, secondary research will allow the research to incorporate suitable and reliable data of green operation initiative in hospitality, so that all the gathered data can respond to the research questions relating to the green behaviour of hotel in Europe and the USA. Secondary research differs from primary research in the collection of the information is not the responsibility of the analyst. Stewart and Kamins (1993) point out that the analyst enters the picture after the data collection effort is over in secondary research. On the other hand, in primary research, the analyst is responsible for the design of the research, the collection of the data, and the analysis and summary of the information (Stewart and Kamins, 1993). Secondary data although, has lack of direct control of the date, type, and proced ure for collecting and recording of the data (Sauder et al, 2009), however, secondary data is more financial and time saving. For instance, secondary data particularly not necessary to wait for or pay to marketing researchers for a research project to collect primary data. By using secondary data, author can has more time and effort in analysing and interpreting the data, as it has already been collected. Secondary research moreover may increase the quality of the research by targeting the real dilemma and mistakes. Consultation on secondary resources increases the efficiency of the research by targeting real gaps and oversights in knowledge. Primary research therefore has not been used in this project due to the wide variety of secondary data has been found. Primary research methods such as, questionnaires or interviews will not provide relevant information for this topic. On this basis, it can be concluded that secondary research is the main source of information provided in this study including information from academic journals, books, corporate reports and internet. Nevertheless, author should analyse cautiously the information gathered to determine its validity and reliability. This is because the research only uses one kind of research models and the argument generated about research topic. 3.3 Sources of Data 3.3.1 Primary 3.3.2 Secondary Secondary research is the key resource of information incorporate in this dissertation; however, different secondary resources might have different type of information. A guideline for obtain valid and reliable information from different resources therefore, has been designed which can found in Table 4. Table 4 Type of information Resources that might have that information Established facts and figures Reference books; official publications; government web sites General information on a topic Books of collected articles; text books; web sites of relevant organisations Reviews of the literature on a topic Journal articles; books of collected articles Publications of recent research results Journal articles; proceedings of conferences Professional and academic debates Journal articles; web sites of relevant organisations; newspapers Table 4: The types of resources that provide different information. In order to justify the authors arguments and offer a range of information about the research topic, secondary resources such as academic journals, books, corporate report and the internet have been used. Academic journals have offered different views and theories of Corporate Social Responsible (CSR) concept and environmental operating practise in hospitality. Journals such as Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management and Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research illustrate some research studies that have been conducted concerning the green operation initiative in hotel industry. All the relevant information gathered from these journals will be analysed and used to evaluate the level of green behaviour of top hotel company. Journals however often assembled to research aims that differ from the current research; therefore, data and complex arguments has to be carefully evaluated, as well as understood and interpreted. The information in books is normally written in more well-organized and accessible way which will help to clarify the research questions and objectives. In this research, text book is rarely used due to insufficient related books in library about sustainability in hospitality. Sustainability

The Effect of Cultural Difference on Intercultural Marriage Essay

The Effect of Cultural Difference on Intercultural Marriage As the world integrates, more and more people are leaving their mother lands to visit, study and work overseas. Young people now have more opportunities to meet prospective partners from other cultures than they had in the past. â€Å"The number of intercultural couples is increasing worldwide.† (Klein, par.3) Many intercultural couples claim that their relationships do not differentiate from monoculture relationships at first. Passionate love bonds them. When their relationships come to a stable stage after a while, however, cultural difference immerges. The couples can certainly benefit from cultural difference yet they also have to face the challenges resulted from it. This paper will examine such effect that cultural difference takes on intercultural marriage According to Dugan Romano, intercultural couples increase self-knowledge by being forced to examine and define their own values, ideas, and prejudices. (Romano 179) They all feel richer and less parochial after they spend many years together trying to work things through. They are able to be exposed into other cultures thoroughly as well as to strengthen the understandings of their own cultures. Cultural difference also introduces more lifestyle options to intercultural couples, which will enrich their life. Even if a couple ends up choosing one’s home country as their permanent residence, they will definitely visit the other’s hometown pretty often. Sometimes they live in a third country, which means they’ll go to both of their home countries from time to time. They have chances to travel in many places, experience different customs, and have friends from diverse backgrounds. â€Å"My mom told me it was her int... ... For people who are considering entering intercultural marriage, it is very important to seriously weigh the pros and cons of the cultural difference before making a final decision. Works Cited Drumm, Tamula. â€Å"Mixed Marriage- Why Expats Marry Forefingers and Then What Happens.† Transitions Abroad July/ August 2001 Transitions Abroud Publishing, Inc. . Klein, Amy. â€Å"Marrying Across Cultures.† Studio Classroom April 2004 Studio Classroom Magazine . Larabell, Joseph. â€Å"Sobering Advice for Anyone Contemplating a Across-cultural Marriage.† Joseph L.(Joe) Larabell the Suburban Eclectic 9 June 2003 Joseph Larabell . Romano, Dugan. Intercultural Marriage/Promises and Pitfalls. Yarmouth, MN: Intercultural P, 1997. Xu, Mingyang. â€Å"A Chinese-American Mixed Marriage---A Mini Story.† Hua Xia Wen Zhai CND Magazine March 1993 China News Digest International, Inc. .